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// lat/determinize-lattice-pruned.h
// Copyright 2009-2012 Microsoft Corporation
// 2012-2013 Johns Hopkins University (Author: Daniel Povey)
// 2014 Guoguo Chen
// See ../../COPYING for clarification regarding multiple authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// THIS CODE IS PROVIDED *AS IS* BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY IMPLIED
// WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF TITLE, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
// MERCHANTABLITY OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
// See the Apache 2 License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
#ifndef KALDI_LAT_DETERMINIZE_LATTICE_PRUNED_H_
#define KALDI_LAT_DETERMINIZE_LATTICE_PRUNED_H_
#include <fst/fst-decl.h>
#include <fst/fstlib.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <map>
#include <set>
#include <vector>
#include "fstext/lattice-weight.h"
// #include "hmm/transition-model.h"
#include "itf/options-itf.h"
#include "lat/kaldi-lattice.h"
namespace fst {
/// \addtogroup fst_extensions
/// @{
// For example of usage, see test-determinize-lattice-pruned.cc
/*
DeterminizeLatticePruned implements a special form of determinization with epsilon removal, optimized for a phase of lattice generation. This algorithm also does pruning at the same time-- the combination is more efficient as it somtimes prevents us from creating a lot of states that would later be pruned away. This allows us to increase the lattice-beam and not have the algorithm blow up. Also, because our algorithm processes states in order from those that appear on high-scoring paths down to those that appear on low-scoring paths, we can easily terminate the algorithm after a certain specified number of states or arcs.
The input is an FST with weight-type BaseWeightType (usually a pair of floats, with a lexicographical type of order, such as LatticeWeightTpl<float>). Typically this would be a state-level lattice, with input symbols equal to words, and output-symbols equal to p.d.f's (so like the inverse of HCLG). Imagine representing this as an acceptor of type CompactLatticeWeightTpl<float>, in which the input/output symbols are words, and the weights contain the original weights together with strings (with zero or one symbol in them) containing the original output labels (the p.d.f.'s). We determinize this using acceptor determinization with epsilon removal. Remember (from lattice-weight.h) that CompactLatticeWeightTpl has a special kind of semiring where we always take the string corresponding to the best cost (of type BaseWeightType), and discard the other. This corresponds to taking the best output-label sequence (of p.d.f.'s) for each input-label sequence (of words). We couldn't use the Gallic weight for this, or it would die as soon as it detected that the input FST was non-functional. In our case, any acyclic FST (and many cyclic ones) can be determinized. We assume that there is a function Compare(const BaseWeightType &a, const BaseWeightType &b) that returns (-1, 0, 1) according to whether (a < b, a == b, a > b) in the total order on the BaseWeightType... this information should be the same as NaturalLess would give, but it's more efficient to do it this way. You can define this for things like TropicalWeight if you need to instantiate this class for that weight type.
We implement this determinization in a special way to make it efficient for the types of FSTs that we will apply it to. One issue is that if we explicitly represent the strings (in CompactLatticeWeightTpl) as vectors of type vector<IntType>, the algorithm takes time quadratic in the length of words (in states), because propagating each arc involves copying a whole vector (of integers representing p.d.f.'s). Instead we use a hash structure where each string is a pointer (Entry*), and uses a hash from (Entry*, IntType), to the successor string (and a way to get the latest IntType and the ancestor Entry*). [this is the class LatticeStringRepository].
Another issue is that rather than representing a determinized-state as a collection of (state, weight), we represent it in a couple of reduced forms. Suppose a determinized-state is a collection of (state, weight) pairs; call this the "canonical representation". Note: these collections are always normalized to remove any common weight and string part. Define end-states as the subset of states that have an arc out of them with a label on, or are final. If we represent a determinized-state a the set of just its (end-state, weight) pairs, this will be a valid and more compact representation, and will lead to a smaller set of determinized states (like early minimization). Call this collection of (end-state, weight) pairs the "minimal representation". As a mechanism to reduce compute, we can also consider another representation. In the determinization algorithm, we start off with a set of (begin-state, weight) pairs (where the "begin-states" are initial or have a label on the transition into them), and the "canonical representation" consists of the epsilon-closure of this set (i.e. follow epsilons). Call this set of (begin-state, weight) pairs, appropriately normalized, the "initial representation". If two initial representations are the same, the "canonical representation" and hence the "minimal representation" will be the same. We can use this to reduce compute. Note that if two initial representations are different, this does not preclude the other representations from being the same.
*/
struct DeterminizeLatticePrunedOptions { float delta; // A small offset used to measure equality of weights.
int max_mem; // If >0, determinization will fail and return false
// when the algorithm's (approximate) memory consumption crosses this
// threshold.
int max_loop; // If >0, can be used to detect non-determinizable input
// (a case that wouldn't be caught by max_mem).
int max_states; int max_arcs; float retry_cutoff; DeterminizeLatticePrunedOptions() : delta(kDelta), max_mem(-1), max_loop(-1), max_states(-1), max_arcs(-1), retry_cutoff(0.5) {} void Register(kaldi::OptionsItf* opts) { opts->Register("delta", &delta, "Tolerance used in determinization"); opts->Register("max-mem", &max_mem, "Maximum approximate memory usage in " "determinization (real usage might be many times this)"); opts->Register("max-arcs", &max_arcs, "Maximum number of arcs in " "output FST (total, not per state"); opts->Register("max-states", &max_states, "Maximum number of arcs in output " "FST (total, not per state"); opts->Register( "max-loop", &max_loop, "Option used to detect a particular " "type of determinization failure, typically due to invalid input " "(e.g., negative-cost loops)"); opts->Register( "retry-cutoff", &retry_cutoff, "Controls pruning un-determinized " "lattice and retrying determinization: if effective-beam < " "retry-cutoff * beam, we prune the raw lattice and retry. Avoids " "ever getting empty output for long segments."); }};
struct DeterminizeLatticePhonePrunedOptions { // delta: a small offset used to measure equality of weights.
float delta; // max_mem: if > 0, determinization will fail and return false when the
// algorithm's (approximate) memory consumption crosses this threshold.
int max_mem; // phone_determinize: if true, do a first pass determinization on both phones
// and words.
bool phone_determinize; // word_determinize: if true, do a second pass determinization on words only.
bool word_determinize; // minimize: if true, push and minimize after determinization.
bool minimize; DeterminizeLatticePhonePrunedOptions() : delta(kDelta), max_mem(50000000), phone_determinize(true), word_determinize(true), minimize(false) {} void Register(kaldi::OptionsItf* opts) { opts->Register("delta", &delta, "Tolerance used in determinization"); opts->Register("max-mem", &max_mem, "Maximum approximate memory usage in " "determinization (real usage might be many times this)."); opts->Register( "phone-determinize", &phone_determinize, "If true, do an " "initial pass of determinization on both phones and words (see" " also --word-determinize)"); opts->Register("word-determinize", &word_determinize, "If true, do a second " "pass of determinization on words only (see also " "--phone-determinize)"); opts->Register("minimize", &minimize, "If true, push and minimize after " "determinization."); }};
/**
This function implements the normal version of DeterminizeLattice, in which the output strings are represented using sequences of arcs, where all but the first one has an epsilon on the input side. It also prunes using the beam in the "prune" parameter. The input FST must be topologically sorted in order for the algorithm to work. For efficiency it is recommended to sort ilabel as well. Returns true on success, and false if it had to terminate the determinization earlier than specified by the "prune" beam-- that is, if it terminated because of the max_mem, max_loop or max_arcs constraints in the options. CAUTION: you may want to use the version below which outputs to CompactLattice.*/template <class Weight>bool DeterminizeLatticePruned( const ExpandedFst<ArcTpl<Weight> >& ifst, double prune, MutableFst<ArcTpl<Weight> >* ofst, DeterminizeLatticePrunedOptions opts = DeterminizeLatticePrunedOptions());
/* This is a version of DeterminizeLattice with a slightly more "natural"
output format, where the output sequences are encoded using the CompactLatticeArcTpl template (i.e. the sequences of output symbols are represented directly as strings The input FST must be topologically sorted in order for the algorithm to work. For efficiency it is recommended to sort the ilabel for the input FST as well. Returns true on normal success, and false if it had to terminate the determinization earlier than specified by the "prune" beam-- that is, if it terminated because of the max_mem, max_loop or max_arcs constraints in the options. CAUTION: if Lattice is the input, you need to Invert() before calling this, so words are on the input side.*/template <class Weight, class IntType>bool DeterminizeLatticePruned( const ExpandedFst<ArcTpl<Weight> >& ifst, double prune, MutableFst<ArcTpl<CompactLatticeWeightTpl<Weight, IntType> > >* ofst, DeterminizeLatticePrunedOptions opts = DeterminizeLatticePrunedOptions());
// /** This function takes in lattices and inserts phones at phone boundaries.
// It
// uses the transition model to work out the transition_id to phone map. The
// returning value is the starting index of the phone label. Typically we
// pick (maximum_output_label_index + 1) as this value. The inserted phones
// are then mapped to (returning_value + original_phone_label) in the new
// lattice. The returning value will be used by
// DeterminizeLatticeDeletePhones() where it works out the phones according
// to this value.
// */
// template<class Weight>
// typename ArcTpl<Weight>::Label DeterminizeLatticeInsertPhones(
// const kaldi::TransitionModel &trans_model,
// MutableFst<ArcTpl<Weight> > *fst);
//
// /** This function takes in lattices and deletes "phones" from them. The
// "phones"
// here are actually any label that is larger than first_phone_label because
// when we insert phones into the lattice, we map the original phone label
// to (first_phone_label + original_phone_label). It is supposed to be used
// together with DeterminizeLatticeInsertPhones()
// */
// template<class Weight>
// void DeterminizeLatticeDeletePhones(
// typename ArcTpl<Weight>::Label first_phone_label,
// MutableFst<ArcTpl<Weight> > *fst);
//
// /** This function is a wrapper of DeterminizeLatticePhonePrunedFirstPass()
// and
// DeterminizeLatticePruned(). If --phone-determinize is set to true, it
// first calls DeterminizeLatticePhonePrunedFirstPass() to do the initial
// pass of determinization on the phone + word lattices. If
// --word-determinize is set true, it then does a second pass of
// determinization on the word lattices by calling
// DeterminizeLatticePruned(). If both are set to false, then it gives a
// warning and copying the lattices without determinization.
//
// Note: the point of doing first a phone-level determinization pass and
// then a word-level determinization pass is that it allows us to
// determinize deeper lattices without "failing early" and returning a
// too-small lattice due to the max-mem constraint. The result should be
// the same as word-level determinization in general, but for deeper
// lattices it is a bit faster, despite the fact that we now have two passes
// of determinization by default.
// */
// template<class Weight, class IntType>
// bool DeterminizeLatticePhonePruned(
// const kaldi::TransitionModel &trans_model,
// const ExpandedFst<ArcTpl<Weight> > &ifst,
// double prune,
// MutableFst<ArcTpl<CompactLatticeWeightTpl<Weight, IntType> > > *ofst,
// DeterminizeLatticePhonePrunedOptions opts
// = DeterminizeLatticePhonePrunedOptions());
//
// /** "Destructive" version of DeterminizeLatticePhonePruned() where the input
// lattice might be changed.
// */
// template<class Weight, class IntType>
// bool DeterminizeLatticePhonePruned(
// const kaldi::TransitionModel &trans_model,
// MutableFst<ArcTpl<Weight> > *ifst,
// double prune,
// MutableFst<ArcTpl<CompactLatticeWeightTpl<Weight, IntType> > > *ofst,
// DeterminizeLatticePhonePrunedOptions opts
// = DeterminizeLatticePhonePrunedOptions());
//
// /** This function is a wrapper of DeterminizeLatticePhonePruned() that works
// for
// Lattice type FSTs. It simplifies the calling process by calling
// TopSort() Invert() and ArcSort() for you.
// Unlike other determinization routines, the function
// requires "ifst" to have transition-id's on the input side and words on
// the output side. This function can be used as the top-level interface to
// all the determinization code.
// */
// bool DeterminizeLatticePhonePrunedWrapper(
// const kaldi::TransitionModel &trans_model,
// MutableFst<kaldi::LatticeArc> *ifst,
// double prune,
// MutableFst<kaldi::CompactLatticeArc> *ofst,
// DeterminizeLatticePhonePrunedOptions opts
// = DeterminizeLatticePhonePrunedOptions());
/// @} end "addtogroup fst_extensions"
} // end namespace fst
#endif
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